Ferroelectric memory element

ABSTRACT

To resolve a problem that in a ferroelectric memory element having MFIS (metal—ferroelectric material—insulating material—semiconductor) structure, in forming an insulating film (buffer layer) and a ferroelectric thin film, unnecessary low dielectric constant layer is formed between a silicon semiconductor substrate and the insulating film (buffer layer) by which capacitance of the insulating film is lowered and voltage sufficient for inversion of polarization of the ferroelectric material cannot be applied, there is provided a ferroelectric memory element of MFIS structure in which an insulating film ( 2 ) above a silicon semiconductor substrate ( 1 ) includes a low dielectric constant layer restraining film ( 3 ) and a mutual diffusion preventive film ( 4 ) and unnecessary low dielectric constant layer is restrained from forming between the semiconductor substrate and the insulating film.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Filed of the invention

[0002] The present invention generally relates to a ferroelectric memory element, more in details, to an involatile memory capable of controlling current between a source and a drain of a transistor by using a ferroelectric thin film at a gate thereof and an involatile memory using electric charge of a ferroelectric capacitor.

[0003] 2. Description of the related art

[0004] Conventionally, a ferroelectric involatile memory FRAM (Ferroelectric Random Access Memory) which has been reduced into practice, is operated at low voltage, further, the ferromagnetic involatile memory FRAM is regarded to be more excellent than conventional EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory), Flash Memory or the like in view of a number of rewriting. However, the FERAM is provided with a structure in which a capacitor of DRAM is replaced by a ferroelectric capacitor (described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 113496/1990) and needs to rewrite at each reading of data. Either of the reading and writing operation is accompanied by polarization inversion of a ferroelectric material, fatigue of the ferromagnetic material is significant, further, either of the operations is accompanied by charging and discharging the capacitor and therefore, an operational time period thereof requires about 100 nsec. Further, it is necessary to separately provide a transistor and a capacitor, which is disadvantageous in area reduction formation aiming at large capacity formation.

[0005] In contrast thereto, in the case of MFS-FET (Metal Ferroelectric Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) using a ferroelectric material at a gate insulating film portion of a transistor, an interval between a source and a drain of a transistor is made ON and OFF by inducing electric charge of a channel of the transistor by polarizing the ferroelectric material and even when a cell area is proportionally reduced, a rate of changing drain current remains unchanged. This signifies that a memory cell of a ferroelectric transistor follows a scaling rule (Proceeding of Electronic, Information and Communication Society 77-9, p976, 1994) and there is not present a limit in view of principle in miniaturization. Further, a transistor type ferroelectric memory maintains ON and OFF of FET by polarizing a ferroelectric material and accordingly, information is not distructed by reading operation at low voltage. So-to-speak nondestructive reading operation can be carried out.

[0006] However, in the case of the structure, when there is constructed an MFS structure formed with a ferroelectric material directly above a silicon semiconductor substrate and formed with an upper electrode thereabove, carriers on the side of the silicon semiconductor substrate are implanted into the ferroelectric material (S. Y. Wu, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices: Vol. ED-21, No. 8, pp499-504 (1974)), mutual diffusion is caused between the silicon semiconductor substrate and the ferroelectric material (Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 33, pp5172 (1994)) and accordingly, there is not achieved an FET (Field Effect Transistor) characteristic operated excellently.

[0007] Hence, there have been proposed an MFIS-FET (Metal Ferroelectric Insulator Semiconductor FET) structure interposing a buffer layer of an insulating film between a silicon semiconductor substrate and a ferroelectric material as disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 64206/1997, an MFMIS-FET (Metal Ferroelectrics Metal Insulator Semiconductor-FET) interposing a metal (M) layer between a ferroelectric layer having the MFIS structure and an insulating film (T. Nakamura et al. Dig. Tech. Pap. of 1995 IEEE Int. Solid State Circuits Conf. p.68 (1995)) and so on. The invention relates to the MFIS structure of the former.

[0008]FIG. 5 shows a section of a simplified principle view of a conventional MFIS type ferroelectric memory. In FIG. 5, a main face of a semiconductor substrate S is formed with a source region and a drain region and a middle portion of the main face of the semiconductor substrate is formed with a buffer layer I of an insulating film. A ferromagnetic layer F and a conductor layer M are laminated above the buffer layer of the insulating film.

[0009]FIG. 6 represents a portion of the MFIS structure of FIG. 5 by an equivalent circuit. FET using a ferroelectric material at a portion of a gate insulating film of a transistor utilizes polarization generated at the ferroelectric layer F and accordingly, when electric field equal to or larger than resistance electric field is not applied to the ferroelectric layer F, the polarization cannot be caused and FET does not operate as an involatile memory. Further, in view of a memory holding characteristic, it is necessary to apply voltage until the polarization of the ferroelectric layer F is sufficiently saturated. For that purpose, when voltage V is applied between an upper electrode A and the semiconductor substrate B, it is necessary to increase voltage distributed to capacitance C_(F) (capacitance of ferroelectric layer) and for that purpose, it is important to design such that capacitance C_(I) (capacitance of buffer layer of insulating film) becomes larger than the capacitance C_(F) (capacitance of ferroelectric layer). The capacitance C_(I) and the capacitance C_(F) are under a relationship in which the capacitance C_(I) or the capacitance C_(F) is proportional to relative dielectric constant and area of the buffer layer I of the insulating film or the ferroelectric layer F applied with voltage and is inversely proportional to a thickness thereof.

[0010] Although it is conceivable to make the area of the buffer layer of the insulating film larger than the area of the ferroelectric capacitance as a method of enabling the design, in the case of the MFIS structure, the area of the ferroelectric capacitance and the area of the gate insulating film of the buffer layer are determined by an area of the conductor film M above the ferroelectric layer and accordingly, the area ratio cannot be changed.

[0011] Although it is conceivable to thin the buffer layer I of the insulating film and to thicken the ferroelectric layer F in order to design such that a capacitance C_(I) becomes larger than the capacitance C_(F) as other method, there is a limit in thinning the gate insulating layer I in view of withstand voltage and leakage current and when the ferroelectric layer F is thickened, in order to saturate the polarization of the ferroelectric material, high polarization voltage is needed and drive voltage becomes high.

[0012] A method of increasing the capacitance C_(I) avoiding the problems, is a method of using a material having high relative dielectric constant at the buffer layer I of the insulating film. For example, the capacitance C_(I) can be increased by using CeO₂ (cerium oxide) (ε=26) having relative dielectric constant higher than that of a silicon oxide film (ε=3.9) as the buffer layer of the insulating film.

[0013] According to a method of forming the buffer layer of the insulating film, CeO₂ is directly deposited on the silicon semiconductor substrate in an oxygen atmosphere at 900° C. by electron beam vacuum vapor deposition and the coated layer is annealed in an oxygen atmosphere (700° C.) in order to lower the interface level, thereafter, annealed in an oxygen atmosphere in order to deposit and crystallize the ferroelectric thin film.

[0014] However, in this case, in forming the buffer layer and the ferroelectric thin film, by forming a low dielectric constant layer of SiO₂ or CeO_(x) or the like between the silicon semiconductor substrate and the buffer layer, the film thickness is increased, the capacitance C_(I) of the buffer layer I of the insulating film is lowered and distributed voltage applied to the ferroelectric layer is reduced. As a result, there poses a problem that when the distributed voltage applied to the ferroelectric layer is low, voltage applied to the gate electrode must be increased and the MFIS type ferroelectric memory cannot be used unless drive voltage is increased.

[0015] Hence, it is an object of the invention to provide a ferroelectric memory element having high reliability and large reading margin capable of applying sufficient distributed voltage to a ferromagnetic thin film by restraining capacitance of a buffer layer of an insulating film from lowering by restraining an interval between a silicon semiconductor substrate and a buffer layer of an insulating film from forming a low dielectric constant layer.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0016] In order to achieve the above-described object, according to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a ferroelectric memory element which is a ferroelectric memory element having a structure of successively laminating an insulating film and a ferroelectric film above a silicon semiconductor substrate, wherein the insulating film includes a low dielectric constant layer restraining film and a mutual diffusion preventive film.

[0017] Further, according to another aspect of the invention, there is provided the ferroelectric memory element, wherein the low dielectric constant layer restraining film includes nitrogen at a vicinity of a surface of the silicon semiconductor substrate and means for restraining the low dielectric constant layer is constituted by the element of nitrogen.

[0018] According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided the ferroelectric memory element having the mutual diffusion preventive film above the silicon semiconductor substrate including nitrogen.

[0019] According to another aspect of the invention, the low dielectric constant layer restraining film provided in the insulating film is a silicon oxynitride film or a silicon nitride film. The mutual diffusion preventive film provided in the insulating film is a layer of one material or a layer laminated with two or more of materials selected from the group consisting of CeO₂, Ce—ZrO₂, YSZ (yttrium oxide stabilized zirconium oxide), Y₂O₃, SrTiO₃, ZrO₂, HfO₂ and (BaSr)TiO₃ (BST). The ferroelectric thin film is a thin film of one material selected from the group consisting of PbTiO₃, PbZr_(X)Ti_(1-X)O₃, Pb_(Y)La_(1-Y)Zr_(X)T_(1-X)O₃, Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂, Sr₂Nb₂O₇, Sr₂ (Ta_(X)Nb_(1-X))₂O₇ and SrBi₂Ta₂O₉.

[0020] According to the above-described constitution of the invention, the low dielectric constant layer restraining film prevents unnecessary low dielectric constant layer from being formed between the silicon semiconductor substrate and the buffer layer. Therefore, there can be applied voltage sufficient for inversion of polarization of a ferroelectric material without lowering capacitance of the insulating film. Meanwhile, the mutual diffusion preventive film prevents mutual diffusion between the silicon semiconductor substrate and the ferroelectric thin film. As a result, there can be provided the ferroelectric memory element having high reliability and large reading margin. An explanation will be given of embodiments of the invention in reference to the drawings as follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021]FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing a characteristic portion (CeO₂/SiON/Si) of a constitution of a ferroelectric storing element according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0022]FIG. 2A is a view showing a portion of steps of fabricating a ferroelectric involatile memory element according to the embodiment of the invention;

[0023]FIG. 2B is a view showing a portion of the fabrication steps of the ferroelectric involatile memory element according to the embodiment of the invention;

[0024]FIG. 2C is a view showing a portion of the fabrication steps of the ferroelectric involatile memory element according to the embodiment of the invention;

[0025]FIG. 2D is a view showing a portion of the fabrication steps of the ferroelectric involatile memory element according to the embodiment of the invention;

[0026]FIG. 2E is a view showing a portion of the fabrication steps of the ferroelectric involatile memory element according to the embodiment of the invention;

[0027]FIG. 2F is a view showing a portion of the fabrication steps of the ferroelectric involatile memory element according to the embodiment of the invention;

[0028]FIG. 2G is a view showing a portion of the fabrication steps of the ferroelectric involatile memory element according to the embodiment of the invention;

[0029]FIG. 2H is a view showing a portion of the fabrication steps of the ferroelectric involatile memory element according to the embodiment of the invention;

[0030]FIG. 2I is a view showing a portion of the fabrication steps of the ferroelectric involatile memory element according to the embodiment of the invention;

[0031]FIG. 3 is a graph showing a capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristic of a sample (Al/CeO₂/SiON/Si) having a constitution according to the embodiment of the invention and a sample (Al/CeO₂/Si) having conventional constitution;

[0032]FIG. 4 is a graph showing a capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of a sample (Pt/SBT/CeO₂/SiON/Si) having a constitution according to the embodiment of the invention and a sample (Pt/SBT/CeO₂/Si) having a conventional constitution;

[0033]FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a conventional MFIS type ferroelectric memory element; and

[0034]FIG. 6 is an equivalent circuit diagram of the MFIS type ferroelectric memory element.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0035]FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing only a characteristic portion of a constitution of a ferroelectric memory element having an MFIS structure according to the invention. That is, an insulating film 2 above a silicon semiconductor substrate 1 is provided with a low dielectric constant layer restraining film 3 and a mutual diffusion preventive film 4 above the silicon semiconductor substrate 1. The low dielectric constant restraining film 3 is a silicon oxynitride film or a silicon nitride film. The mutual diffusion preventive film 4 is a layer of one material selected from the group consisting of CeO₂, Ce—ZrO₂, YSZ (yttrium oxide stabilized zirconium oxide), Y₂O₃, SrTiO₃, ZrO₂, HfO₂ and (BaSr)TiO₃ (BST). The mutual diffusion preventive film 4 may be a layer laminated with two or more of materials selected from the group.

[0036] First, there are trially fabricated an MIS structure (sample A) in which an insulating film according to the invention is provided with a low dielectric constant layer restraining film and a mutual diffusion preventive film and a conventional MIS structure (sample B) having only a mutual diffusion preventive film for comparison.

[0037] According to the sample A, a low dielectric constant restraining film of a silicon nitride film of 1 nm through 2 nm is formed previously above a silicon substrate at a main face of the substrate, above which a mutual diffusion preventive layer for preventing mutual diffusion between the silicon substrate and a ferroelectric thin film, mentioned later, is formed by depositing a CeO₂ (cerium oxide) film having a film thickness of about 10 nm in an oxygen atmosphere at substrate temperature of 900° C. by using the electron beam vapor deposition process and successively annealing the film in an oxygen atmosphere at 700° C. An Al electrode is formed by a vacuum vapor deposition apparatus in order to measure the capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristic.

[0038] According to sample B, similar to sample A, a mutual diffusion preventive layer for preventing mutual diffusion between the silicon substrate and a ferroelectric thin film, mentioned layer, is formed by depositing a CeO₂ film having the film thickness of about 10 nm in an oxygen atmosphere at substrate temperature of 900° C. and successively annealing the film in an oxygen atmosphere at 700° C. An Al electrode is formed by the vacuum paper deposition apparatus in order to measure the capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristic.

[0039]FIG. 3 shows a graph of a result of capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of sample A (Al/CeO₂/SiON/Si) produced by a silicon oxynitride film (SiON) of the low ferroelectric constant layer preventive film, the mutual diffusion preventive film (CeO₂) and the aluminum electrode (Al) above the p-type silicon substrate (Si) provided by the above-described process of embodiment and sample B (Al/CeO₂/Si) formed with the mutual diffusion preventive film (CeO₂) and laminated with the aluminum electrode (Al) above the p-type silicon substrate (Si) according to the conventional example. In FIG. 3, notation (A) designates a graph of the capacitance-voltage characteristic of the sample (Al/CeO₂/SiON/Si) according to the structure of the invention and notation (B) designates a graph of the capacitance-voltage characteristic of the sample (Al/CeO₂/Si) according to the conventional structure. As is apparent from the result, it is known that the sample A is provided with the characteristic in which capacitance thereof is promoted in comparison with that of the sample B. This is due to the fact that the low dielectric constant layer between the silicon semiconductor substrate and the mutual diffusion restraining film can be restrained.

[0040] Next, there is formed a ferroelectric thin film of SrBi₂Ta₂O₉ (SBT) by a film thickness of about 500 nm respectively above the insulating film provided by the above-described process of embodiment having the low dielectric constant layer restraining film and the mutual diffusion preventive film of sample A and the insulating film having only the mutual expansion preventive film of sample B. As a method of forming thereof, there are prepared organic metal solutions of strontium (Sr), bismuth (Bi), tantalum (Ta) comprising 2-ethyl-hexene-hydrochloric acid, the solutions are mixed by rates of Sr:Bi:Ta=0.8:2.2:2 by metal molar ratios and the solution is diluted by hexene to constitute 0.15 molar percent. The solution is dripped to coat a wafer of the substrate 1 rotated at 2000 rpm, dried in the atmosphere at 150° C. and thereafter dried at 250° C. and is dried in an oxygen atmosphere at 400° C. by a tubular furnace. The operation is repeated by again coating the chemical solution on the wafer and the chemical solution is coated onto the wafer and dried by a total of five times. Next, in order to measure the capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristic, upper electrode platinum (Pt) is deposited on the ferroelectric thin film by about 200 nm by using an RF sputter apparatus. Finally, the sample is crystallized and annealed in an oxygen atmosphere at 700° C. to thereby form the MFIS structure.

[0041]FIG. 4 is a graph showing capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of sample A (Pt/SBT/CeO₂/SiON/Si) laminated with an SBT ferroelectric thin film on an insulating film having the low dielectric rate layer restraining film (SiON) and the mutual diffusion preventive film (CeO₂) having the structure of the invention provided by the above-described process of embodiment and attached with the Pt electrode and sample B (Pt/SBT/CeO₂/Si) laminated with the SBT ferroelectric thin film on the insulating film having only the mutual diffusion preventive film (CeO₂) according to the conventional example and attached with the Pt electrode. In FIG. 4, C/Cmax of the ordinate signifies a normalized capacitance. The abscissa represents applied voltage (V). As is apparent from FIG. 4, a deviation of a threshold (memory window width) A produced by polarizing the ferroelectric material in curve (a) is provided with a magnitude 3.7 times as large as that of a deviation of a threshold (memory window width) B in curve (b). It is known therefrom that by being able to restrain the low dielectric constant layer between the silicon semiconductor substrate and the mutual diffusion preventive film, the capacitance of the buffer layer is promoted and voltage can be applied to the ferroelectric thin film further sufficiently.

[0042]FIGS. 2A through 2H show a fabricating process of MFIS-FET applied to a ferroelectric memory element according to an embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 2A, as start, there is used the semiconductor single crystal substrate 1 of p-type silicon (100) having a resistivity of 10 Ωcm. A field oxide film region 5 for isolating elements and a sacrifice oxide film X having a film thickness of 35 nm are formed above a main face of the substrate 1. In successive FIG. 2B, in order to form a low dielectric constant layer restraining film, nitrogen 6 is implanted from the main face to the substrate 1 via the sacrifice oxide film X by acceleration energy of 15 KeV and a dose amount of 1E15/cm². Further, after etching the sacrifice oxide film X, in FIG. 2C, the sample is heated in a diluted oxygen atmosphere at about 850° C. and there is formed the low dielectric constant layer restraining film 3 of a silicon oxynitride film (SiON film) having a film thickness of 1 nm through 2 nm on the main face of the substrate 1.

[0043] Next, in FIG. 2D, the mutual diffusion preventive layer 4 for preventing mutual diffusion between the silicon substrate 1 and a ferroelectric thin film, mentioned later, above the low dielectric constant layer restraining film 3. The mutual diffusion preventive layer 4 is formed by depositing a CeO₂ (cerium oxide film) having a film thickness of about 10 nm in an oxygen atmosphere at substrate temperature of 900° C. and annealing the film in an oxygen atmosphere at 700° C.

[0044] Next, there are prepared organic metal solutions of strontium (Sr), bismuth (Bi) and tantalum (Ta) comprising 2-ethyl-hexene-hydrochloric acid, the solutions are mixed by rates of Sr:Bi:Ta=0.8:2.2:2 in metal molar ratios and the organic metal solution is diluted by hexene to constitute 0.15 molar percent. The chemical solution is dripped to coat onto a wafer of the substrate 1 rotated by 2000 rpm, dried in the atmosphere at 150° C., thereafter dried at 250° C. and dried in an oxygen atmosphere at 400° C. by a tubular furnace. The operation is repeated by coating again the chemical solution on the wafer and the chemical solution is coated to the wafer and the dried by a total of five times. As a result, as shown by FIG. 2E, a ferroelectric thin film 6 of SrBi₂Ta₂O₉ (SBT) is formed by a film thickness of about 500 nm and is laminated on the mutual diffusion preventive film 4. Next, in FIG. 2F, an upper electrode 7 of platinum (Pt) is deposited on the ferroelectric thin film 6 by a thickness of 200 nm by using an RF sputter apparatus.

[0045] Next, a photoresist is coated on the surface of platinum, exposed and thereafter developed. Further, by RIE (Reactive Ion Etching) with Ar and SF₆ gas as etchants, the laminated film of FIG. 2F is etched to thereby fabricate to form a gate portion shown by FIG. 2G. At this occasion, by utilizing the fact that the etching rate is retarded by the CeO₂ film 4, etching is stopped by the silicon oxynitride film (SiON film) 3 above the silicon substrate 1.

[0046] Next, in FIG. 2H, phosphor impurity is implanted into the substrate 1 with the gate portion and field oxide film region 5 as masks by using an ion implantation apparatus, the sample is activated by a tubular furnace and a source region 8 and a drain region 9 are formed in the semiconductor substrate 1. The activating process at this occasion also serves to anneal to recover the ferroelectric thin film 6 produced by etching. Activating and recovering and annealing conditions are constituted by 60 minutes in an oxygen atmosphere at 700° C.

[0047] Next, in FIG. 2I, there is formed a BPSG (boron phosphorus silicate glass) film 10 by a O₃-TEOS (tetraethylorthosilicate) apparatus as an interlayer film and contact holes are formed by using an RIE apparatus. Next, by using a sputtering process, an aluminum thin film is formed and thereafter, wiring is carried out by a lithography step and the aluminum electrodes 11 are formed.

[0048] When ON and OFF of current between the source and the drain is controlled by using spontaneous polarization of SBT, the phenomenon can be confirmed and it can be confirmed that the element can be operated as an involatile memory.

[0049] The above-described embodiment can be modified as follows. First, the low dielectric constant layer restraining 3 may be a silicon nitride film. The mutual diffusion preventive film 4 can similarly be formed as a layer of one material selected from the group consisting of CeZrO2, YSZ (yttrium oxide stabilized zirconium oxide), Y₂O₃, SrTiO₃, ZrO₂, HfO₂ and (BaSr)TiO₃ (BST). Further, layers of a plurality of materials may be laminated. The ferroelectric thin film 6 can similarly be formed by a thin film of one material selected from the group consisting of PbTiO₃, PbZr_(X)Ti_(1-X)O₃, Pb_(Y)La_(1-Y)Zr_(x)Ti_(1-X)O₃, Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂, SrNbO₇, Sr₂ (Ta_(X)Nb_(1-X)) 207 and SrBi₂Ta₂O₉. The process of forming the ferroelectric thin film 6 of FIG. 2E, can similarly be carried out by vacuum vapor deposition, laser abrasion process, MOCVD or sputtering.

[0050] Further, the mutual diffusion preventive film can similarly be formed after etching the sacrifice oxide film without forming the low dielectric constant layer restraining film described in the above-mentioned embodiment of FIG. 2C.

[0051] As has been explained, according to the ferroelectric involatile memory element according to the invention, by providing the low dielectric constant layer restraining film and the mutual diffusion preventive film as the insulating film between the silicon semiconductor substrate and the ferroelectric film, voltage can be applied sufficiently to the ferroelectric thin film by restraining unnecessary low dielectric constant layer from being formed on the silicon semiconductor substrate. As a result, there can be provided the ferroelectric memory element having high reliability and large reading margin. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A ferroelectric memory element which is a ferroelectric memory element having a structure of successively laminating an insulating film and a ferroelectric film above a silicon semiconductor substrate, wherein the insulating film includes a low dielectric constant layer restraining film and a mutual diffusion preventive film.
 2. The ferroelectric memory element according to claim 1 : wherein the low dielectric constant layer restraining film is an insulating thin film mainly comprising a silicon nitride film.
 3. The ferroelectric memory element according to claim 1 : wherein the low dielectric constant layer restraining film includes nitrogen at a vicinity of a surface of the silicon semiconductor substrate.
 4. The ferroelectric memory element according to claim 1 : wherein the low dielectric constant layer restraining film is a silicon oxynitride film or a silicon nitride film, the mutual diffusion preventive film is a cerium oxide (Ceo₂) film and the ferroelectric film is a film of SrBi₂Ta₂O₉.
 5. The ferroelectric memory element according to claim 1 : wherein the mutual diffusion preventive film is a layer of one material or a layer laminated with two or more of materials selected from the group consisting of CeO₂, Ce—ZrO₂, YSZ (yttrium oxide stabilized zirconium oxide), Y₂O₃, SrTiO₃, ZrO₂, HfO₂ and (BaSr)TiO₃ (BST).
 6. The ferroelectric memory element according to claim 1 : wherein the ferroelectric film is a thin film of one material selected from the group consisting of PbTiO₃, PbZr_(X)Ti_(1-X)O₃, Pb_(Y)La_(1-Y)Zr_(x)T_(1-X)O₃, Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂, Sr₂Nb₂O₇, Sr₂ (Ta_(X)Nb_(1-X))₂O₇ and SrBi₂Ta₂O₉. 